BAYBURT University Information Package / Course Catalogue

Home Information on the Institution Information on Degree Programmes General Information for Students
Third Cycle Programmes
    (Doctorate Degree)
Second Cycle Programmes
    (Master's Degree)
First Cycle Programmes
    (Bachelor's Degree)
Short Cycle Programmes
    (Associate's Degree)
 
First Cycle Programmes (Bachelor's Degree)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION - Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education - Social Studies Teaching



General Description
History
Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program was established within Bayburt University in the 2016/2017 academic year and 31 students were admitted as primary education in the first academic year.
Qualification Awarded
As a result of successful completion of the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program by fulfilling the requested requirements, graduates obtain the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Degree, which allows them to work as Social Studies teachers.
Level of Qualification (Short Cycle , First Cycle , Second Cycle, Third Cycle)
First Cycle
Specific Admission Requirements
Admission and registration conditions for the admission of students to the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program are explained under the heading "Student Admission and Registration" within the "Bayburt University Student Affairs Department".
Specific Arrangements For Recognition Of Prior Learning (Formal, Non-Formal and Informal)
Recognition of previous formal learning is carried out in line with the "Regulation on the Principles of Transfer Between Associate and Undergraduate Programs, Double Major, Minor and Inter-Institutional Credit Transfer in Higher Education Institutions". Students who request exemption can take the exams and if they are successful, they are considered exempt from the course for which they requested exemption.
Qualification Requirements and Regulations
Students who successfully complete all courses in the program (equivalent to a total of 243 ECTS) and obtain a GPA of at least 2.00 out of 4.00 are awarded a bachelor's degree in the field of "Social Studies Teaching".
Profile of The Programme
The main aim of the Department of Social Studies Teaching is to train teachers who have teaching skills and can demonstrate professional attitudes towards the education process. Students who successfully complete and graduate from the program are expected to be a good model for students in their individual and professional lives, to follow the changes, developments and innovations in their professional field and to update themselves to adapt to them. In addition, Social Studies Teaching Program pre-service teachers are required to manage the education and training process, to keep up with the changes in information, informatics and communication technologies and to reflect these changes in the education and training process, to keep morality, ethics, democracy and basic human rights at the center of their lives, to make decisions and He has set his goal for them to have problem-solving qualities. However, the program also emphasizes critical and analytical thinking, self-evaluation, decision-making and problem-solving skills.
Occupational Profiles of Graduates With Examples
Individuals who successfully complete the program within the Department of Social Studies Education by fulfilling the requirements can work in public schools and other institutions and organizations related to Social Studies education.
Access to Further Studies
Those who successfully complete their education in the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program can continue their education in postgraduate programs (Master's and Doctorate) provided that they obtain a valid grade in the accepted score type of the ALES exam and are sufficiently equipped in the English language.
Examination Regulations, Assessment and Grading
The measurement and evaluation aspects of the courses offered in the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program are conveyed in the "Course Teaching Plan" of each course.
Graduation Requirements
Students who have successfully completed all the courses (243 ECTS) given in the Social Studies Teaching Undergraduate Program carried out by the Department of Social Studies Education within the Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education and who have achieved a weighted grade point average of at least 2.00 out of 4.00 will receive the "Undergraduate Diploma in Social Studies Teaching". "They get it.
Mode of Study (Full-Time, Part-Time, E-Learning )
-
Address, Programme Director or Equivalent
Head of Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education Prof. Dr. Sedat MADEN sedatmaden@bayburt.edu.tr Head of Social Studies Education Department Prof. Dr. Rafet METİN rafetmetin@bayburt.edu.tr ECTS Department Coordinator Associate Professor Bahadır Gülden
Facilities
In the program, 1 Professor, 4 Associate Professors, 1 Dr. Lecturer Member and 1 RA. There are. In addition to the compulsory courses in the program, Social Studies Education field knowledge, pedagogical courses, general culture knowledge and application courses are taught. In addition, the program also includes elective courses. The courses mentioned are carried out in theoretical and practical dimensions. Technological opportunities are used in the realization of theoretical courses. Courses in the practical dimension are continued within the designated Practice Schools, under the supervision of the Practice Instructor and Practice Supervisor, in cooperation with the Faculty and National Education.

Key Learning Outcomes
1Having knowledge about different fields and scientific disciplines at a level that will enable courses to be conducted in an interdisciplinary manner
2Being able to integrate the changes and developments in information, information and communication technologies at a global level with Social Studies education
3Being a teacher with democratic personality traits, committed to national and spiritual values, and aware of cultural characteristics
4Participating in cultural, scientific and intellectual activities and events
5Having field knowledge, skills and competencies at a level that will enable the education-teaching process to be conducted effectively in Social Studies courses
6Being equipped with pedagogical field knowledge, being able to use current teaching techniques effectively in professional life
7Being able to establish the relationship between Social Studies and social structure and environmental problems at a level that will enable solution proposals for these problems
8Being able to realize the measurement-evaluation dimension of the education process in the field of Social Studies Education in a multiple and relational manner
9Having the ability to recognize and use materials that can be used in Social Studies courses
10Being able to conduct the education-teaching process effectively Having planning skills at a level Being able to plan the learning and teaching process.
11Being able to incorporate information produced in the field of social sciences into professional life in a relational and holistic manner
12Being equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills regarding education and classroom management
13Having communication knowledge and skills at a level that will enable to develop positive relationships with students, colleagues and stakeholders
14Being able to conduct scientific research at a level that will enable to observe and identify problems in the field of Social Studies Education

Key Programme Learning Outcomes - NQF for HE in Turkey
TYYÇKey Learning Outcomes
11111112223333
KNOWLEDGE1
SKILLS1
2
COMPETENCES (Competence to Work Independently and Take Responsibility)1
2
3
COMPETENCES (Learning Competence)1
2
3
COMPETENCES (Communication and Social Competence)1
2
3
4
5
COMPETENCES (Field Specific Competence)1
2

Course Structure Diagram with Credits
T : Theoretical P: Practice L : Laboratory
1. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-ZR1 Ataturk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
2 AE-SB101B Basic of Social Sciences Compulsory 2 0 0 4
3 MB-ZR3 Education Psychology Compulsory 2 0 0 3
4 MB-ZR3B Education Psychology Compulsory 2 0 0 3
5 GK-ZR2 Foreign Language 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
6 GK-ZR2B Foreign Language I Compulsory 2 0 0 3
7 AE-SB101 Foundation of Social Information Compulsory 2 0 0 4
8 AE-SB103 General Physical Geography Compulsory 2 0 0 4
9 AE-SB103B General Physical Geography Compulsory 2 0 0 4
10 GK-ZR4 Information Technologies Compulsory 3 0 0 5
11 GK-ZR4B Information Technologies Compulsory 3 0 0 5
12 MB-ZR1 Introduction to Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
13 MB-ZR1B Introduction to Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
14 GK-ZR1B Principles of Atatürk and History of the Revolution I Compulsory 2 0 0 3
15 GK-ZR3 Turkish Language 1 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
16 GK-ZR3B Turkish Language I Compulsory 3 0 0 5
Total 36 0 0 60
 
2. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-ZR5 Ataturk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
2 DOY Digital Literacy Compulsory 2 0 0 3
3 DOY Digital Literacy Compulsory 2 0 0 3
4 SB-DYB Digital Literacy Compulsory 2 0 0 3
5 MB-ZR2 Educational Sociology Compulsory 2 0 0 3
6 MB-ZR2B Educational Sociology Compulsory 2 0 0 3
7 GK-ZR6 Foreign Language 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
8 GK-ZR6B Foreign Language II Compulsory 2 0 0 3
9 AE-SB108 General Human and Economic Geography Compulsory 2 0 0 4
10 AE-SB108B General Human and Economic Geography Compulsory 2 0 0 4
11 MB-ZR4 Philosophy of Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
12 MB-ZR4B Philosophy of Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
13 AE-SB102 Political Science Compulsory 2 0 0 3
14 AE-SB102B Political Science Compulsory 2 0 0 3
15 AE-SB104 Pre-Islamic Turkish History and Culture Compulsory 2 0 0 3
16 AE-SB104B Pre-Islamic Turkish History and Culture Compulsory 2 0 0 3
17 GK-ZR5B Principles of Atatürk and History of the Revolution II Compulsory 2 0 0 3
18 AE-SB106 Social Anthropology and History of Civilization Compulsory 2 0 0 3
19 AE-SB106B Social Anthropology and History of Civilization Compulsory 2 0 0 3
20 GK-ZR7 Turkish Language 2 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
21 GK-ZR7B Turkish Language II Compulsory 3 0 0 5
Total 44 0 0 69
 
3. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB1 Elective 1 Elective - - - 3
2 MB-SB1 Elective 1 Elective - - - 4
3 AE-SB1 Elective 1 Elective - - - 4
4 MB-SB1B Elective 1 Elective - - - 4
5 GK-SB1B Elective 1 Elective - - - 3
6 AE-SB1B Elective 1 Elective - - - 4
7 SB213 Elective Courses I Elective - - - 4
8 AE-SB205B History of the Early Turkish-Islamıc States Compulsory 2 0 0 3
9 AE-SB205 History of the First Turkish-Islamic States Compulsory 2 0 0 3
10 MB-ZR7 History of Turkish Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
11 MB-ZR7B History of Turkish Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
12 AE-SB201B Learning and Teaching Approaches in Social Studies Compulsory 2 0 0 3
13 AE-SB207 Medieval History Compulsory 2 0 0 4
14 AE-SB207B Medieval History Compulsory 2 0 0 4
15 AE-SB203 Physical Geography of Turkey Compulsory 2 0 0 3
16 AE-SB203B Physical Geography of Turkey Compulsory 2 0 0 3
17 AE-SB201 Social Studies Learning and Teaching Approaches Compulsory 2 0 0 3
18 MB-ZR6 Teaching Principles and Methods Compulsory 2 0 0 3
19 MB-ZR6B Teaching Principles and Methods Compulsory 2 0 0 3
Total 38 0 0 64
 
4. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB206B Citizenship Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
2 AE-SB206 Citizenship Knowledge Compulsory 2 0 0 3
3 GK-ZR8B Community Service Applications Compulsory 1 2 0 3
4 GK-ZR8 Community Service Practices Compulsory 1 2 0 3
5 GK-SB2 Elective 2 Elective - - - 3
6 MB-SB2 Elective 2 Elective - - - 4
7 AE-SB2 Elective 2 Elective - - - 4
8 MB-SB2B Elective 2 Elective - - - 4
9 GK-SB2B Elective 2 Elective - - - 3
10 AE-SB2B Elective 2 Elective - - - 4
11 SB216 Elective Courses II Elective - - - 3
12 AE-SB208B Human and Economic Geography of Turkey Compulsory 2 0 0 2
13 MB-ZR5 Instructional Technologies Compulsory 2 0 0 3
14 MB-ZR5B Instructional Technologies Compulsory 2 0 0 3
15 MB-ZR8 Research Methods in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
16 MB-ZR8B Research Methods in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
17 AE-SB204 Science, Technology and Society Compulsory 2 0 0 2
18 AE-SB204B Science, Technology and Society Compulsory 2 0 0 2
19 AE-SB202B Socail Studies Curriculum Compulsory 2 0 0 3
20 AE-SB202 Social Studies Curriculum Compulsory 2 0 0 3
21 AE-SB208 Turkey's Human and Economic Geography Compulsory 2 0 0 2
Total 40 4 0 63
 
5. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB3 Elective 3 Elective - - - 3
2 MB-SB3 Elective 3 Elective - - - 4
3 AE-SB3 Elective 3 Elective - - - 4
4 GK-SB3B Elective 3 Elective - - - 3
5 AE-SB3B Elective 3 Elective - - - 4
6 MB-SB3B Elective 3 Elective - - - 4
7 SB315 Elective Courses III Elective - - - 3
8 AE-SB303B History of New and Modern Age Compulsory 2 0 0 4
9 MB-ZR11 Measurement and Evaluation in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
10 MB-ZR11B Measurement and Evaluation in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
11 AE-SB303 New and Modern History Compulsory 2 0 0 4
12 AE-SB301 Ottoman History 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 4
13 AE-SB301B Ottoman History 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 4
14 AE-SB305B Social Studies Teaching 1 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
15 AE-SB305 Teaching Social Studies 1 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
16 MB-ZR12 Turkish Education System and School Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
17 MB-ZR12B Turkish Education System and School Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
18 ÜSD University Elective Courses Group Elective - - - 2
Total 38 0 0 65
 
6. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-ZR9 Classroom Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
2 MB-ZR9B Classroom Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
3 GK-SB4 Elective 4 Elective - - - 3
4 MB-SB4 Elective 4 Elective - - - 4
5 AE-SB4 Elective 4 Elective - - - 4
6 MB-SB4B Elective 4 Elective - - - 4
7 GK-SB4B Elective 4 Elective - - - 3
8 AE-SB4B Elective 4 Elective - - - 4
9 FSEC Elective Courses Group-(Faculty) Elective - - - 3
10 SB316 Elective Courses IV Elective - - - 4
11 MB-ZR10B Ethics and Morality in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
12 MB-ZR10 Ethics in Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
13 AE-SB304 Oral and Written Literature in Social Studies Compulsory 2 0 0 2
14 AE-SB304B Oral and Written Literature in Social Studies Compulsory 2 0 0 2
15 AE-SB302 Ottoman History 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 4
16 AE-SB302B Ottoman History 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 4
17 AE-SB306 Political Geography and Geopolitics of Turkey Compulsory 2 0 0 2
18 AE-SB306B Political Geography and Geopolitics of Turkey Compulsory 2 0 0 2
19 AE-SB308B Social Studies Teaching 2 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
20 AE-SB308 Teaching Social Studies 2 Compulsory 3 0 0 5
Total 40 0 0 67
 
7. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB403 Art and Museum Education Compulsory 2 0 0 2
2 AE-SB403B Art and Museum Education Compulsory 2 0 0 2
3 AE-SB401 Disasters and Disaster Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
4 AE-SB401B Disasters and Disaster Management Compulsory 2 0 0 3
5 MB-SB5 Elective 5 Elective - - - 4
6 AE-SB5 Elective 5 Elective - - - 4
7 MB-SB5B Elective 5 Elective - - - 4
8 AE-SB5B Elective 5 Elective - - - 4
9 SB415 Elective Courses V Elective - - - 3
10 MB-ZR16B Guidance and Counseling in Schools Compulsory 2 0 0 3
11 MB-ZR16 Guidance in Schools Compulsory 2 0 0 3
12 AE-SB407 History of the Republic of Turkey 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 2
13 AE-SB407B History of The Republic of Turkey 1 Compulsory 2 0 0 2
14 AE-SB405 Media Literacy and Education Compulsory 2 0 0 2
15 AE-SB405B Media Literacy and Media Literacy Education Compulsory 2 0 0 2
16 MB-SBÖU1 Teaching Practice 1 Compulsory 2 6 0 10
17 MB-SBÖU1B Teaching Practice 1 Compulsory 2 6 0 10
Total 34 12 0 63
 
8. Semester
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB406 Character and Value Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
2 AE-SB406B Character and Value Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
3 MB-SB6 Elective 6 Elective - - - 4
4 AE-SB6 Elective 6 Elective - - - 4
5 MB-SB6B Elective 6 Elective - - - 4
6 AE-SB6B Elective 6 Elective - - - 4
7 SB412 Elective Courses VI Elective - - - 3
8 AE-SB402 History of the Republic of Turkey 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
9 AE-SB402B History of The Republic of Turkey 2 Compulsory 2 0 0 3
10 AE-SB404 Human Rights and Democracy Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
11 AE-SB404B Human Rights and Democracy Education Compulsory 2 0 0 3
12 MB-ZR14 Special Education and Inclusion Compulsory 2 0 0 3
13 MB-ZR14B Special Education and Inclusion Compulsory 2 0 0 3
14 MB-SBÖU2 Teaching Practice 2 Compulsory 2 6 0 10
15 MB-SBÖU2B Teaching Practice 2 Compulsory 2 6 0 10
Total 30 12 0 63
 
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SBS3 Map Information and Applications Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB1B.01 Out-of-School Learning Environments Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB1B.01 Human Relations and Education Elective 2 0 0 3
Elective 1
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB1B.02 Artificial Intelligence in Social Studies Elective 2 0 0 0
Elective Courses I
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB2B.01 Child Psychology Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB2B.01 Culture and Language Elective 2 0 0 3
Elective 2
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB2B.01 Drama in Social Studies Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective Courses II
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SBS2 Today's World Issues Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB3B.01 Turkish Cultural Geography Elective 2 0 0 3
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB3B.01 Today`s World Issues Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 3
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB3B.01 Curriculum Development in Education Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective Courses III
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
University Elective Courses Group
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 ÜS01.01 Geographical Indications Elective 2 0 0 2
2 ÜS01.02 Introduction to Industrial Product Design Elective 2 0 0 0
3 ÜS01.04 Meşrubat Üretim Teknolojisi (Mühendislik Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
4 ÜS01.05 Üç Boyutlu Tasarım ve Yazdırma (Mühendislik Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
5 ÜS01.06 Gıda ve Kültür (Mühendislik Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
6 ÜS01.07 Yeni Ürün Geliştirme (Mühendislik Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
7 ÜS02.01 Kalite Yönetimi ve Hizmet Akreditasyonu (İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
8 ÜS0503.3 Working Economy Elective 2 0 0 0
9 ÜS12.01 Mental Health Literacy Elective 2 0 0 0
10 ÜS1607.4 Olimpizm ve Olimpik Sporlar (Sosyal Bilimler MYO) Elective 1 1 0 0
11 ÜS1704.2 Toksikoloji (Teknik Bilimler MYO) Elective 2 0 0 0
12 ÜS18.01 Yaşam Boyu Spor (Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
13 ÜS18.02 Halk Oyunları (Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
14 ÜS18.03 Çocuk ve Gençlerde Antrenman (Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi) Elective 2 0 0 0
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB4B.01 Project Preparation in Education Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 GK-SB4B.01 Economy and Entrepreneurship Elective 2 0 0 3
2 MTH-GK-SB4B.02 Out-of-School Learning Experiences in the Context of National Technology Elective 2 0 0 0
Elective 4
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB4B.01 Local Children`s Games in Social Studies Teaching Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective Courses Group-(Faculty)
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective Courses IV
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 5
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 5
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SBS6 Social Studies Textbook Review Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 5
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB5B.01 Sustainable Development and Education Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 5
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB5B.01 Textbook Reviews in Social Studies Education Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective Courses V
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 6
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 6
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
Elective 6
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 MB-SB6B.01 Open and Distance Learning Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective 6
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS
1 AE-SB6B.01 Assesment of In-Classroom Learning Elective 2 0 0 4
Elective Courses VI
No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type of Course T P L ECTS