Bayburt University Lifelong Learning Programme

Description of Individual Course Units

Course Unit Code	Course Unit Title	Type of Course Unit	Year of Study	Semester	Number of ECTS Credits
FTR117B	Histology-Embryology	Compulsory	1	1	3

Level of Course Unit

First Cycle

Objectives of the Course

The objective of this course is to teach the histological structure and embryological development processes of cells, tissues, and organs theoretically and practically. It aims to enable students to recognize basic tissue types under the microscope, differentiate histological structures, and comprehend intercellular junctions and organogenesis processes. Furthermore, by covering musculoskeletal system development and potential developmental anomalies, the course aims to transfer these theoretical and practical skills into physiotherapy and rehabilitation practices.

Name of Lecturer(s)

Doç.Dr.Bülent BAYRAKTAR

Learning Outcomes

1	Explains the fine structure of the cell, organelle functions, and biological processes at the cellular level.
2	Comprehends the working principles and operating techniques of light microscopy and identifies basic histological tissue slides under the microscope.
3	Explains the structural characteristics, classification, and functional roles of covering and glandular epithelial tissues in the body.
4	Differentiates the cellular and fibrous components of connective and supportive tissues (general connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood) and describes their histological organization.
5	Evaluates the cellular and microscopic structure, excitability properties, and functional differences of muscle and nervous tissues.
6	Explains general embryological development stages (gametogenesis, fertilization, segmentation, gastrulation, and organogenesis) and developmental processes.
7	Defines the embryological development of the musculoskeletal system and developmental anomalies/defects that may occur during this process.
8	Correlates acquired theoretical and practical histology-embryology knowledge with clinical evaluation and practices in the field of physiotherapy and rehabilitation.

Mode of Delivery

Normal Education

Prerequisites and co-requisities

None

Recommended Optional Programme Components

Light microscopes and histological slides/preparations are utilized for laboratory practicals.

Course Contents

Cell and organelle structure, intercellular junctional complexes, cell division, covering and glandular epithelium, connective tissue cells and fibers, connective tissue types, blood tissue, cartilage tissue, bone tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue; general embryology, and musculoskeletal system development and anomalies.

Weekly Detailed Course Contents

Week	Theoretical	Practice	Laboratory
1	Introduction to Histology and Embryology; Types of Microscopy and Tissue Preparation Techniques	Microscope Usage Rules and Visual Demonstration of Tissue Processing Steps	Introduction, Adjustment, and Operation Practice of Light Microscopy
2	Cell Structure, Cell Organelles, and Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis).	Evaluation of Cell Organelles and Division Stages on Diagrams.	Microscopic Examination of Cells and Organelles on Histological Slides.
3	Intercellular Junctional Complexes and Cell Surface Specializations	Physiological and Clinical Significance of Cell Junctional Elements	Examination of Cell Surface Specializations (Cilia, Microvilli, etc.) Under the Microscope
4	Structure, Classification, and Functions of Covering Epithelium	Epithelial Tissue Classification Criteria and Sample Case Analyses	Microscopic Examination of Simple and Stratified Covering Epithelium Slides
5	Types, Classification, and Secretory Mechanisms of Glandular Epithelium	Comparative Analysis of Exocrine and Endocrine Gland Structures	Examination of Glandular Epithelium (Mucous, Serous, etc) Sections Under the Microscope
6	Introduction to Connective Tissue; Cells, Fibers, and Ground Substance	Functional Differentiation of Connective Tissue Cells and Fibers	Microscopic Examination of Loose and Dense Connective Tissue Slides
7	Specialized Connective Tissues (Adipose Tissue) and Blood Tissue Histology	Blood Cell Counting and Peripheral Blood Smear Methods	Microscopic Examination of Peripheral Blood Smears and Adipose Tissue Sections
8	Midterm	None	None
9	Cartilage Tissue (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage) and Histological Properties	Distribution and Biomechanical Roles of Cartilage Types in the Body	Examination of Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage Slides Under the Microscope
10	Bone Tissue, Its Cells, Types of Ossification, and Bone Remodeling	Evaluation of Bone Healing and Ossification Stages on Visual Models	Microscopic Examination of Compact and Spongy Bone Tissue Slides
11	Types of Muscle Tissue (Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth) and Contraction Mechanism	Sarcomere Organization and Contraction Physiology Visuals of Skeletal Muscle	Microscopic Examination of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle Tissue Slides
12	Nervous Tissue, Neuron Structure, Neuroglia Cells, and Peripheral Nerve Histology	Functions of Neuroglia Types and Nerve Conduction Diagrams	Microscopic Examination of Neuron and Peripheral Nerve (Cross/Longitudinal) Slides
13	General Embryology: Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Blastocyst Formation, and Implantation	Examination of Fertilization and Early Embryological Stages on Models	Examination of Histological Sections Belonging to Early Embryological Stages
14	Bilaminar and Trilaminar Germ Disc Formation, Gastrulation, and Neurulation	Analysis of Tissues Originating from Germ Layers via Charts and Diagrams	Microscopic Evaluation of Germ Layers and Neural Tube Development on Embryo Sections
15	Musculoskeletal System Embryology and Congenital Developmental Defects	Clinical Case Discussions Related to Musculoskeletal Anomalies	General Microscopic Laboratory Review and Slide Revision of Tissues Examined Throughout the Semester